优良阔叶树种——桤木的分布、生长与利用

通过引种栽培和原产地的生态环境及生长状况的调查,主要阐述了桤木的适生环境及在不同生态条件下的生长发育规律;总结了桤木的多种利用途径。桤木是一种适应性强、生长迅速和具有广泛用途的优良阔叶树种,值得进一步研究和引种推广。     

北美红桤木引种的主要光合特性研究

北美红桤木(Alnus rubua)是产于北美国西部太平洋沿岸的高大落叶乔木,中国林科院2003年底从美国首次引进。我们从2005年起首次系统研究了北美红桤木苗木主要光合特性,结果表明:①红桤木光合作用日变化呈现单峰与双峰曲线两种类型,在生长期(6月、7月、9月和10月)光合作用的日变化是双峰曲线,峰值出现时间上午09:00~11:00,下午13:00~14:00;在6月、10月,Pn下午峰值比上午峰值小,在7月、9月Pn第二个峰值比第一个峰值高;11月份单峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00;②不同月份、不同季节北美红桤木的Pn日变化呈现不同特征。以11月份Pm ax最大20.3μmol/(m2.s),9月份次之14.6μmol/(m2.s);③北美红桤木光补偿点很低,介于7.52~51μmol/(m2.s),②、③说明北美红桤木利用弱光的能力强;④北美红桤木羧化效率为0.026 9~0.048 3,以9月份的羧化效率最高,7月份的最低;其中上部叶>侧枝叶,与台湾桤木的羧化效率(0.027 0~0.046 8)接近;CO2补偿点为49.35~117.95与四川桤木接近,属C3植物。     

桤木薪炭林群落学特征及生物量的研究

本文对桤木人工薪炭林群落学特征做了分析,桤木薪炭林是人工造林配置的树种,故群落简单。对估测桤木人工薪炭林乔木层生物量建立了多个数学模型,选用W_(树干)=147.1914D~(2.0616)、W_(枝条)=37.5577D~(2.3962)、W_(叶)=31.0578(D~2H)~(0.7776)和W_(地上部分)=258.6222D~(2.0622)幂函数方程,分别获得各器官的生物量,树干重8895.720kg/ha,枝条重3657.651kg/ha,叶重3345.324kg/ha,乔木层地上部分总重量15898.696kg/ha。对林下灌木和草本植物采用收割法测定,灌木地上部分生物量为2265kg/ha,草本植物地上部分生物量为459kg/ha。所以桤木人工薪炭林的地上部分生物量为18622.696kg/ha。     

台湾桤木花粉生活力测定方法初探

以台湾桤木新鲜花粉为试材,采用花粉离体培养萌芽法,对台湾桤木花粉萌发的适宜液体培养基进行了筛选研究,结果表明:台湾桤木花粉离体培养的适宜培养液为:10%蔗糖 100 mg/L硼酸,最适培养温度为25℃;通过TTC染色法、I2-KI染色法、过氧化物酶沉淀法等方法的比较,找出快速测定台湾桤木花粉生活力的方法,结果表明:过氧化物酶沉淀法是快速测定台湾桤木花粉生活力的适宜方法。     

Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots of trees under agrisilvicultural practices in north-east India

An understanding of the rooting pattern of tree species used in agroforestry systems is essential for the development and management of systems involving them. Seasonal variation, depth wise and lateral distribution of biomass in roots of different diameter classes and their annual production were studied using sequential core sampling. The investigations were carried out in four tree species under tree only and tree+crop situations at ICAR Research Farm, Barapani (Meghalya), India. The tree species were mandarin (Citrus reticulata), alder (Alnus nepalensis), cherry (Prunus cerasoides) and albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria). The contribution of fine roots to the total root biomass ranged from 87% in albizia to 77% in mandarin. The bulk of the fine roots (38% to 47%) in the four tree species was concentrated in the upper 10 cm soil layer, but the coarse roots were concentrated in 10–20 cm soil depth in alder (46%) and albizia (51%) and at 0–10 cm in cherry (41%) and mandarin (48%). In all the four tree species, biomass of both fine- and coarse-roots followed a unimodal growth curve by showing a gradual increase from spring (pre-rainy) season to autumn (post rainy) season. Biomass to necromass ratio varied between 2 to 3 in the four tree species. The maximum (3.2) ratio was observed during spring and the minimum (2) in the rainy season. In alder and albizia, the fine roots were distributed only up to 1 m distance from the tree trunk but in the other two species they were found at a distance up to 1.5 m from the tree trunk. The annual fine root production varied from 3.6 Mg ha^–1 to 6.2 Mg ha^–1 and total production from 4.2 to 8.4 Mg ha^–1 in albizia to mandarin, respectively. Cherry and mandarin had a large number of woody roots in the surface layers which pose physical hindrance during soil working and intercultural operations under agroforestry. But the high biomass of roots of these two species may be advantageous for sequential or spatially separated agroforestry systems. However, alder and albizia have the most desirable rooting characteristics for agroforestry systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chemical modification of rain water byAlnus japonica wetland forest in Kiritapp mire, eastern Hokkaido, Japan

A survey was made of seasonal changes in pH and electronic conductivity (EC) of precipitation inAlnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. forest in Kiritapp mire, Hokkaido, Japan. The average pH of throughfall and stem flow was higher than that of bulk deposition. When the pH of bulk deposition exceeded 5.5, however, pH of throughfall and stem flow was lower than that of bulk deposition. The EC of stem flow was always higher than throughfall, and that of throughfall higher than that of bulk deposition. The EC of stem flow was highest during the first defoliation period ofA. japonica. On the other hand, the differences in the EC of throughfall and bulk deposition was very few just after the first defoliation period ofA. japonica. This implies that the chemical properties of throughfall and stem flow are strongly affected by the phenology of the plants.     

桤木优树选择研究

论述了桤木优树选择应遵循的基本原则，包括目标性原则、一致性原则、优中选优原则等。根据这些原则，针对桤木短周期工业用材林(纸浆材)这一选择目标，提出了桤木优树选择的方法，包括五株优势木比较法、绝对生长量法及标准差法，同时提出了相应的选择标准。     

辽东桤木的组织培养和快繁技术研究

选用辽东桤木实生无菌苗的带芽茎段进行组织培养。结果表明,用浓度75%的酒精和0.1%的升汞分别消毒种子5和20 min后,接入附加5 g/L葡萄糖的MS培养基,实生无菌苗成活率可达48%,且实生苗抽出真叶片数多,植株健壮;用WPM+6-BA(0.6、1.0)mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+葡萄糖30 g/L作为增殖培养基,增殖倍数高达4.2;用1/2 WPM+IBA 1.0 mg/L+AC 500 mg/L+葡萄糖30 g/L作为生根培养基,生根率达91%;通过逐步炼苗法炼苗,炼苗成活率达93%。     

不同种源旱冬瓜苗期生长量的地理变异研究

通过对滇西南地区15个县的0.5年生旱冬瓜种源的苗高、地径进行调查分析,研究了不同种源旱冬瓜苗高、地径的生长变异及其与地理环境因子的关系,利用苗高和地径2个因子进行逐步聚类分析。结果表明,各种源间在苗高、地径生长上均表现出极显著的差异,苗高生长表现最好的是孟连种源,平均苗高达31.4 cm;地径生长表现最好的种源是勐海种源,平均地径为0.38 cm。环境因子及地理因素对旱冬瓜种源的遗传变异有影响,苗高、地径与各种源原产地的地理经度呈负相关;采用种源间苗高、地径进行逐步聚类分析,15个种源可分为5类,根据各种源苗期苗高、地径的生长状况,初步筛选出瑞丽、孟连2个优良种源。     

不同供氮水平对4种桤木幼苗生长的影响

桤木属(Alnus Mill.)植物为桦木科(Betulace-ae)落叶乔木,典型的木本非豆科(Leguminosae)固氮树种,主要分布于北半球寒温带、温带和亚热带地区。全世界大约有40余种,我国有11种。桤木属